New IEEE Standard – Active. Methods for the calibration and use of germanium spectrometers for the measurement of gamma-ray energies and emission rates over the energy range from 59 keV to approximately 3000 keV and for the calculation of source activities from these measurements are established. Minimum requirements for automated peak finding are stated. Methods for measuring the full-energy peak efficiency with calibrated sources are given. Performance tests that ascertain the proper functioning of the Ge spectrometer and evaluate the limitations of the algorithms used for locating and fitting single and multiple peaks are described. Methods for the measurement of and the correction for pulse pileup are suggested. Techniques are recommended for the inspection of spectral-analysis results for large errors resulting from summing of cascade gamma rays in the detector. Suggestions are provided for the establishment of data libraries for radionuclide identification, decay corrections, and the conversion of gamma-ray rates to decay rates<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6<\/td>\n | 1 Introduction 2 Scope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 3 Definitions Special Word Usage 3.2 Glossary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 3.3 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4 Installation of Instrumentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | Calibration Procedures 5.1 Peak-Finding Algorithm Peak-Position and Area Measurement 5.3 Energy Calibration Efficiency Calibration Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Standardization for Specific Radionuclides 5.4.2 Detector Efficiency as a Function of Energy Large Source-to-Detector Distances Small Source-to-Detector Distances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Reentrant (Marinelli) Beakers Efficiency Function or Lookup Table Gamma-Ray Measurements with Ge Spectrometers Measurement of Gamma-Ray Energies Measurement of Gamma-Ray Emission Rates and Radionuclide Activities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Full-Energy Peak Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Subtraction of Interference Peaks in the Background as a Function of Gamma-Ray Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6.2.2 Radioactive Decay Times for Decay Corrections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | Radioactive Decay During the Counting Period Radioactive Decay Prior to the Counting Period Correction During the Sampling Time or the Irradiation Period Pulse Pileup (Random Summing) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Cascade (Coincidence) Summing 6.2.5 Attenuation Corrections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Absorption External to the Sample Absorption Within the Sample <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Performance Tests of the Spectrometry System 7.1 MCA Clocks DC Offset and Pole-Zero Settings 7.3 Energy Calibration System Efficiency and Resolution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Pulse Pileup (Random Summing) 7.5.1 Test Performance Tests of the Analysis Software <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Test of Automatic Peak-Finding Algorithm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Peak-Height-to-Baseline-Height Ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Measured Net-Peak Areas as a Function of the Baseline Height Deviation in Peak Area as a Function of Baseline Height <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Test of the Doublet-Peak Finding and Fitting Algorithms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Deviation in Equally Sized Doublet Peak Areas for Different Separations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Deviation in Unequally Sized Doublet Peak Areas for Different Peak-Height Ratios <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Verification of the Entire Analysis Process Assessment of the Magnitude of Cascade Summing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Cascade-Summing Corrections for a ls2Eu 591 keV Gamma Ray <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 9.1.1 Test Partial Ge Gamma-Ray Spectrum of NIST Long-Lived Mix <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | Bias in the Relative Full-Energy Peak Efficiency 9.2.1 Test Accuracy of the Full-Energy Peak Efficiency Radionuclide Identification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | From Other Radionuclides Uncertainties and Uncertainty Propagation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Uncertainties Uncertainty Contributions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 12 Conclusion 13 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 14 Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Procedures for Characterization of a Ge Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Adjustment of the Pole\/Zero Cancellation and DC Level Adjustment of the Pole\/Zero Cancellation Adjustment of the DC Level A1.3 Reference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Amplifier Output Pulses Showing Correct and Incorrect Pole-Zero Cancellation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Adjustment of the LLD ADC Zero and Initial Energy Scale Adjustment of the LLD Adjustment of the ADC Zero and Initial Energy Scale Adjustment of Energy Scale to Yield Energy Equation With Zero Intercept <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Check of the MCA Elapsed-Time Clock A3.1 Instructions A3.2 Reference Measurement of the Energy Resolution and the Peak-to-Compton Ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Measurement of the Energy Resolution at 122 keV and 1332 keV A4.1 Distribution of FWHM of Spectral Peaks as a Function of Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Measurement of the Peak-to-Compton Ratio for 6oCo A4.3 Reference Correction for Losses Due to Counting Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | A5.1 Source Method Specification of Times for Pulse Processing by an ADC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Live-Time Extension Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Pulse-Pileup Correction as a Function of Integral Counting Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | A5.3 Pulser Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Preamplifier and Amplifier Pulse Shapes Resulting From Different Pulser Shapes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | A5.4 Virtual Pulser and Add \u00ef\u00ac\u0081N\u00ef\u00ac\u201a Counts Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Measurement of the Full-Energy Peak Efficiency Curve for Specific Radionuclides <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | for Large Sample-to-Detector Distances Gamma-Ray Spectrum of a Mixed Radionuclide Standard <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | for Small Sample-to-Detector Distances Preparation of Working Standards From Standard Solutions Preparation of Solution Standards A7.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Preparation of Soil Standards A7.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Preparation of Filter Standards A7.3 A7.4 Reference Appendix A References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Mosaic Pattern of an Air-Filter Standard <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Fitting Techniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Measurement of Peak Position Net Area and Their Uncertainties Nonfitting Technique References Well-Resolved Peak With Continuum Baseline <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Equations for the Correction of Cascade Gamma-Ray Summing Equations for Cascade-Summing Correction Factors Summing Corrections Factors for a Simple Decay Scheme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | A Three-Transition Decay Scheme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | the Decay of laEu <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Partial Decay Scheme of laEu <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | C1.3 General Case <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | C1.4 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Construction of Shields for Ge Spectrometers Construction Materials Shield Design Low- or High-Activity Level Samples Samples of the Same Size and Shape <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Background Gamma-Ray Spectrum Taken With No Sample <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Sample of Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" American National Standard Calibration and Use of Germanium Spectrometers for the Measurement of Gamma-Ray Emission Rates of Radionuclides<\/b><\/p>\n |