{"id":341274,"date":"2024-10-19T23:55:36","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T23:55:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-en-16907-12018\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T23:07:14","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T23:07:14","slug":"bs-en-16907-12018","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-en-16907-12018\/","title":{"rendered":"BS EN 16907-1:2018"},"content":{"rendered":"

This European Standard (Part 1) gives definitions, principles and general rules for the planning, design and specification of earthworks. It introduces the other parts of the standard, which will be used together with Part 1. Earthworks are a civil engineering process aimed at creating earth-structures by changing the geometry of the earth surface for construction or other activities. Application fields of earthworks are associated with: – transport infrastructures (road and motorways, railways, waterways, airports); – platforms for industrial, commercial and residential buildings; – water engineering, flood defence and coastal protection works; – harbours and airport areas, including the construction of embankments in water; – river dykes and marine embankments for land reclamation; – earth and rock fill dams; – onshore embankments made of hydraulically placed fill; – noise barriers, visual barrier, and other non-load bearing earthworks: – landscaping embankments; – backfilling of open mines and quarries; – tailings dams; They are characterized by the need to use available natural or recycled materials and to handle them in a way appropriate to yield prescribed properties. This standard is applicable to all types of earth-structures, except the cases listed below: – some specific types of works such as the execution of trenches and small earthworks may be organized using simplified or specific rules; – some structures, such as dykes and dams, need earthworks which have specific design and construction requirements: these may extend beyond the rules of this standard. This standard does not cover ground improvement beneath an earth-structure by techniques such as piling, jet grouting, deep soil mixing, vertical drains or stone columns. Due to the variable subsoil and climate conditions within Europe and to the different national contract conditions, national sets of rules have been established in several European countries which could not be harmonized within a short period by a European Standard. This European Standard gives therefore basic rules to reach the aims described above. Informative Annexes B to H of this document give examples of national practices following these rules.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nundefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n1 Scope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n3.2 Abbreviations and symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n4 Principles of earthworks design and execution
4.1 General
4.2 Stages of earthworks projects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n4.3 Instructions for the execution of works <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n4.4 Relationship between earthworks and earth-structure design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n4.5 Sustainable development and environmental considerations for earthworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n4.6 Risk management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n4.7 Types of earthwork processes
5 Specific site and material investigations
5.1 Information needed for earthworks design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n5.2 Coordination of ground investigations
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Site investigations for geotechnical design
5.2.3 Specific ground investigations for earthworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n5.2.4 Geotechnical reporting
5.3 Use of classification systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n6 Design of earthworks for fills
6.1 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n6.2 Design procedure
6.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n6.2.2 Fill zones
6.2.2.1 General
6.2.2.2 Infrastructure fills <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n6.2.2.3 Filling large excavations and natural depressions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n6.2.2.4 Land reclamation by dredged hydraulic fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n6.2.2.5 Buildings and structures on fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n6.3 Selection of the fill material properties and compaction process
6.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n6.3.2 Characterization of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n6.3.3 Criteria for assessing the compacted fill material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n6.3.4 Compaction behaviour of fill materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n6.3.5 Relationship testing to assess fill performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n6.3.6 Link between construction method and earthworks fill design
6.3.7 Use of full-scale tests to assess a compaction process for a given fill material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n6.3.8 Design of fill cross-section
6.4 Details of specific parts, materials and earth structures
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Capping layers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n6.4.3 Transition zones
6.4.3.1 Introduction
6.4.3.2 Half fill\/half cut profiles
6.4.3.3 Transition from embankment to cutting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n6.4.3.4 Transition from embankment to structure
6.4.3.5 Special lateral transitions or structures
6.4.3.6 Interaction with structures crossing the fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n6.4.4 Fills on slopes
6.4.5 Specific materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n6.4.6 High fills <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n6.4.7 Fills on soft soils or areas prone to flooding
6.4.8 Fills built above cavities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n6.4.9 Surplus materials
7 Design of earthworks for cuttings
7.1 General
7.2 Materials involved <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n7.3 Geometry
7.4 Drainage
7.5 Overall stability
7.6 Relevant properties of the cutting base (subgrade) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n8 Design of earthworks formed by dredging and hydraulic placement of fills
9 Design of earthworks for hydraulic placement of wastes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n10 Earthworks Drainage
10.1 Drainage for collecting water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n10.2 Protection of slopes against erosion
11 Optimization of earthworks project design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n12 Technical Specifications for earthworks
12.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n12.2 End product Specification
12.3 Method Specification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n12.4 Performance Specification
13 Monitoring earthworks and checking earth-structures performance
13.1 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n13.2 Needs and techniques for monitoring and checking earthworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n13.3 Checking earth-structure performance
14 Use of national experience and non-conflicting rules
14.1 General
14.2 Informative examples of experience-based national practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nAnnex A (informative)Geometry definitions for earthworks and earth-structures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nAnnex B (informative)Summary of national practice – Austria
B.1 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nB.2 Soil and Rock Classification
B.2.1 Soil classification according to \u00d6NORM B 4400-1
B.2.2 Soil and rock classification according to \u00d6NORM B 2205
B.2.2.1 General notes
B.2.2.2 Classification
B.3 Execution of earthworks
B.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nB.3.2 Soil and rock excavation
B.3.3 Preparation of formation level of subsoil (embankment foundations) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nB.4 Construction of embankments and fills
B.4.1 Construction materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nB.4.2 Placement and compaction
B.4.2.1 Placement
B.4.2.2 Compacting procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nB.4.3 Construction of formation level of sub-base
B.4.4 Construction of embankments and cut slopes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nB.4.5 Backfilling and filling of structures
B.4.5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nB.4.5.2 Construction material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nB.4.5.3 Drainage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nB.4.5.4 Placement and compaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nB.4.6 Filling of line trenches and covering of lines (pipes, cables)
B.4.6.1 General
B.4.6.2 Construction materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nB.4.6.3 Emplacement and compaction
B.4.7 Measures aimed at improving subsoil and fills
B.4.7.1 General
B.4.7.2 Soil compaction
B.4.7.3 Mechanical soil improvement
B.4.7.4 Soil replacement
B.4.7.5 Placement of geosynthetics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nB.4.7.6 Soil improvement using binders \u2013 lime stabilization
B.4.7.7 Soil stabilization using hydraulic binders
B.4.7.8 Deeper measures aimed at improving the subsoil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nB.4.7.9 Works carried out during and after frosty weather
B.5 Quality Control (Tests)
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Test types
B.5.2.1 Overview
B.5.2.2 Initial test (suitability test)
B.5.2.3 Self-control (check) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nB.5.2.4 Inspection (approval test)
B.5.2.5 Test cost
B.5.3 Test procedures
B.5.3.1 Test procedures to be used <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nB.5.3.2 Soil classification and sampling
B.5.3.3 Filter stability
B.5.3.4 Compaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nB.5.3.5 Position corresponding to the intended profile
B.5.3.6 Test contents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nB.6 Literature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nAnnex C (informative)Summary of national practice – France
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Classification of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nC.3 Design of Earthworks
C.3.1 Introduction
C.3.2 Specification of the mechanical properties to be obtained <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nC.3.3 Classification of hydric state of materials and weather conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nC.3.4 Fill material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nC.3.5 Capping layer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nC.3.6 Compaction of fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nC.3.7 Extraction and transportation of soil and rocks
C.3.8 Compaction of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nC.4 Control of earthworks
C.4.1 Introduction
C.4.2 Technical processes and control methods
C.4.2.1 Identification of materials
C.4.2.2 Preparation of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nC.4.2.3 Earthmoving program
C.4.2.4 Compaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nC.4.2.5 Deformability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nC.4.2.6 Drainage
C.4.2.7 Geometrical setting out of the works
C.5 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nAnnex D (informative)Summary of national practice – Germany
D.1 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nD.2 Classification of materials
D.2.1 Classification according to DIN 18196
D.2.1.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nD.2.1.2 Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nD.2.1.3 Soil groups <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nD.2.2 Classification according to DIN 18300
D.2.2.1 Allocation of soil and rock into homogeneous areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nD.2.2.2 Description and allocation of other material
D.2.3 Classification of frost susceptibility of soil groups according to ZTV E-StB <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nD.3 Execution of earthworks
D.3.1 General
D.3.2 Loosening, loading and conveying
D.3.3 Placing and compacting
D.3.3.1 Execution
D.3.3.2 Compacting requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nD.3.3.3 Modulus of deformation requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nD.3.4 Special construction methods in earthworks according to ZTV E-StB
D.3.4.1 Soil treatment with binders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nD.3.4.2 Mechanical soil improvement
D.3.4.3 Geosynthetics
D.4 Control of Earthworks
D.4.1 Types of testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nD.4.2 Testing methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nD.5 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nAnnex E (informative)Summary of national practice – Norway
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Classification of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nE.3 Design of earthworks
E.3.1 Dredging
E.3.2 Underwater blasting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nE.3.3 Transportation at sea
E.3.4 Spreading and compaction of fills
E.3.4.1 Introduction
E.3.4.2 Norwegian Standard NS 3458 \u201cCompaction \u2013 Requirements and execution\u201d <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nE.3.4.3 Construction procedures for rock-fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nE.3.4.4 Deformations
E.3.4.5 Construction procedures for granular soils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nE.3.4.6 Construction procedures for clay fill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nE.3.5 Filling under water
E.3.5.1 General
E.3.5.2 Execution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nE.3.5.3 Fill materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nE.3.5.4 Embankment slopes
E.3.6 Replacement \/ displacement of soft soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nE.3.7 Influence of weather conditions
E.4 Quality control of earthworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nE.5 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nAnnex F (informative)Summary of national practice – Spain
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Classification of materials
F.2.1 General
F.2.2 Soil classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nF.2.3 Fill classes built with rocky materials
F.3 Possible use of marginal materials
F.3.1 General
F.3.2 Some marginal soils
F.3.2.1 Soils sensitive to collapse
F.3.2.2 Soils sensitive to swelling
F.3.2.3 Soils containing gypsum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nF.3.2.4 Soils containing soluble salts different to gypsum
F.3.2.5 Soils containing organic matter
F.3.3 Some marginal rocks
F.3.3.1 General
F.3.3.2 Evolutive rocks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nF.3.3.3 Rock containing oxidizable sulphides
F.3.3.4 Rock containing soluble minerals
F.3.3.5 Rock containing combustible minerals
F.3.3.6 Shape marginality
F.4 Preliminary design of earth-structure cross section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nF.5 Types of earth-structures to be built
F.6 Basic construction rules
F.6.1 Preparation of the ground area to build the earth or rockfill
F.6.2 Earthfills
F.6.2.1 Spreading of the layers for earthfills <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nF.6.2.2 Wetting or drying a layer
F.6.2.3 Compacting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nF.6.3 Rock and random fills
F.6.3.1 Spreading of the layers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nF.6.3.2 Compacting
F.6.3.3 Adjustment of the working method
F.7 Control of earthworks
F.7.1 General
F.7.2 Earthfills
F.7.2.1 Tests to be performed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nF.7.2.2 Frequencies of testing
F.7.3 Rock and Random fills
F.7.3.1 General
F.7.3.2 Random fills
F.7.3.3 Rock fills <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nF.8 Reference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nAnnex G (informative)Summary of national practice \u2013 Sweden
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Classification of materials
G.2.1 Introduction
G.2.2 Soil classification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nG.2.3 Rock classification
G.3 Design of earthworks
G.4 Control of earthworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nAnnex H (informative)Summary of national practice – United Kingdom
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Classification of materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nH.3 Design of earthworks
H.3.1 General
H.3.2 BS 6031:2009, Clause 8.2: Specification of earthworks by SHW approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nH.3.3 SHW required documentation within project earthworks specification
H.3.4 Compaction requirements (classification, design and construction aspects)
H.3.5 Alternative specifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nH.3.6 Additional requirements for deep fill areas\/buildings and structures
H.3.7 Selection of fill material properties (earthworks fill design) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nH.3.8 Extracts from core tables of UK Specification for Highway Works (SHW) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nH.4 Control of earthworks during construction
H.5 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Earthworks – Principles and general rules<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2018<\/td>\n174<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":341278,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-341274","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-bsi","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/341274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/341278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=341274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=341274"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=341274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}