This document, which is a Technical Report, provides the results of international exercises and comparisons focusing on achieving the knowledge of the statistical performance of single sheet tester (SST) measurements made on grain-oriented electrical steel. These experiments aim at specifying obligatory reference values, measured by the single sheet test method, for the grading of high permeability (P grades) grain-oriented (g.-o.) materials, independently from the Epstein classification as it is practiced today. Besides this, Epstein test measurements have been made in order to gain more up-to-date statistical performance for comparison with the SST statistical characteristics. A few experiments were carried out aiming at improved knowledge on the systematic error performance of the SST, i.e. they were to determine the correlation between the quality of insulation separating laminations in the SST yokes and the measured loss.<\/p>\n
There are various designations for “non-oriented electrical sheet steel” and for “grain-oriented electrical sheet steel” in use, for example in the IEC 60404 classification and specification standards, and there are also abbreviations like CGOS (for conventional grain-oriented steel) often used in industry. In this report, the following designations and abbreviations are used:<\/p>\n
electrical steel as generic term;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
n.-o- electrical steel and g.-o. electrical steel as generic terms for these two types;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
S-type electrical streel or c. g.-o. electrical steel for “conventional grain-oriented electrical steel”;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
P-type g.-o. electrical steel or high-permeability g.-o. electrical steel;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
DR g.-o. electrical steel for “domain refined grain-oriented electrical steel”;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
where two terms are used, it can depend on the context;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
“electrical steel” can be replaced with “material”, depending on the context.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | National foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 4 Background 4.1 Historical background and former concepts of the SST-Epstein relationship Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Epstein frame and single sheet tester, schematic view, windings partly omitted <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4.2 Establishing reference values for grain-oriented electrical steels determined by independent SSTs \u2013 A new approach to the purpose <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 5 Preliminary comparisons and experiments 5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 5.2 Comparison of the relative difference \u03b4PSE = (PSST \u2013 Peps)\/PEps measured by steel manufacturers on their own products using own set-ups Figure 2 \u2013 Relative difference \u03b4PSE = 100 (PSST \u2013 PEP) \/ PEP versus peak magnetic polarization J measured by six contributors on samples of their own products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 5.3 Preliminary comparisons and experiments made by four Chinese laboratories using six SSTs with stacked yokes Figure 3 \u2013 Contact pattern for the measurement of lamination resistance in the air gap of SST yokes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2013 Ratio of the power loss PSST to that of the SST with the best yokes, PSSTopt, versus lamination conductivity factor CY of the yokes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.4 Necessity of comparing independent SST results Figure 5 \u2013 Ratio of the power loss at 100 Hz to that at 40 Hz, P100\/P40, at 1,7 T, versus lamination conductivity factor CY of the yokes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2013 Relative difference \u03b4PSE = 100(PSST \u2013 PEP) \/ PEP versus magnetic polarization Figure 7 \u2013 Relative difference \u03b4PSE = 100(PSST \u2013 PEP) \/ PEP at 1,7 T determined by three standard laboratories, IEN, NPL and PTB, on S- and P-type g.-o. sample pairs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6 International comparison of SST measurements on grain-oriented electrical steel and accompanying Epstein measurements 6.1 General conditions, samples, participants Figure 8 \u2013 Dispersion of manufacturer\u2019s grain-oriented material production in form of Epstein samples (PTB 1999) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.2 Circulation of the samples and measurement procedure Tables Table 1 \u2013 Participating laboratories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.3 Results and analysis of the measured quantities Table 2 \u2013 Circulated grain-oriented electrical steel test samples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2013 Example of scattering of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates around the reference value (CGO sample No. 2, unweighted average, dash-dotted line) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2013 Example of scattering of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates around the reference value (HGO sample No. 4, unweighted average, dash-dotted line) Figure 11 \u2013 Example of scattering of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates around the reference value (HGO sample No. 5, unweighted average, dash-dotted line) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Figure 12 \u2013 Samples No. 1 to No. 5: ratio of SST to Epstein power loss reference values \u03b4PSE(Jp) = (<PSST> \u2013 <PEpst>) \/ <PEpst> at 50 Hz versus peak polarization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Table 3 \u2013 Reference values at 50 Hz for the power loss P and the apparent power S <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Table 4 \u2013 Standard deviations associated with the reference values at 50 Hzfor the power loss P and the apparent power S (Table 3) Table 5 \u2013 Reference values at 50 Hz of the polarization at H = 800 A\/m J800 and standard deviation of the distribution of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Overall dispersion (all labs, Jp values, and samples) of the laboratories’ best estimates Pi of the power loss at 50 Hz around their reference values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Figure 14 \u2013 Overall dispersion (all labs, Jp values, and samples)of the laboratories’ best estimates Si of the apparent power at 50 Hzaround their reference values, with and without outliers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 15 \u2013 Dispersion around the reference value of the laboratories’ best values of the power loss P measured at 50 Hz by the Epstein and the SST methods at 1,7 T <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2013 Dispersion around the reference value of the laboratories’ best values of the apparent power S measured at 50 Hz by the Epstein and the SST methods at 1,7 T <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 17 \u2013 Overall dispersion (European metrological laboratories only, all Jp values and samples) of the laboratories’ best estimates Pi of the power loss at 50 Hz around their reference values, with and without outliers Table 6 \u2013 Relative standard deviations of 50 Hz power loss P and apparentpower S distributions around their reference values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2013 Dispersion of the laboratories\u2019 best estimatesof SST (a) and Epstein (b) power loss at 50 Hz <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2013 Dispersion of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates of SST (a)and Epstein (b) power loss at 50 Hz <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 6.4 Conclusions of the international comparison Figure 20 \u2013 Dispersion of the laboratories\u2019 best estimates, represented by the standard deviation \u03c3 of SST (red) and Epstein (blue) power loss (a) and apparent power (b) at 50\u00a0Hz, versus the peak value of the polarization, JP, summarizing Figures 18 and 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 7 Summary and conclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Studies and comparisons of magnetic measurements on grain-oriented electrical steelsheet determined by the single sheet test method and Epstein test method<\/b><\/p>\n |