BSI PD IEC TR 61282-16:2022
$215.11
Fibre optic communication system design guidelines – Coherent receivers and transmitters with high-speed digital signal processing
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
BSI | 2022 | 122 |
PDF Catalog
PDF Pages | PDF Title |
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2 | undefined |
4 | CONTENTS |
8 | FOREWORD |
10 | INTRODUCTION |
11 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Abbreviated terms |
14 | 4 Background |
15 | 5 Coherent transmission of vector-modulated signals 5.1 Typical receiver architecture Figures Figure 1 ā Coherent optical receiver |
16 | 5.2 Typical transmitter architecture Figure 2 ā Optical transmitter for coherent transmission |
17 | 5.3 Vector-modulated signals 5.3.1 Mathematical description |
18 | 5.3.2 Binary amplitude and phase modulation Figure 3 ā Generation of vector modulated signals |
19 | 5.3.3 Quadrature amplitude modulation Figure 4 ā Examples of modulation formats for coherent communication |
20 | 5.3.4 Polarization multiplexing 5.3.5 Higher-dimensional coding and constellation shaping |
21 | 6 Coherent receiver architectures and functional capabilities 6.1 Basic principle of coherent detection 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Homodyne and heterodyne detection |
22 | Figure 5 ā Signal and local oscillator frequencies for homodyne detection Figure 6 ā Signal and local oscillator frequencies for heterodyne detection |
23 | 6.1.3 Intradyne detection 6.1.4 Polarization dependence Figure 7 ā Electrical spectra of homodyne and heterodyne beat signals |
24 | 6.1.5 Frequency dependence 6.1.6 Phase and polarization diversity |
25 | 6.2 Single coherent mixer with balanced detection 6.2.1 Principle of operation |
26 | 6.2.2 Common-mode rejection Figure 8 ā Single balanced mixer for coherent reception |
28 | 6.2.3 Polarization dependence |
29 | 6.2.4 Homodyne detection |
30 | 6.2.5 Heterodyne detection Figure 9 ā Balanced heterodyne mixer with electrical down-mixing |
31 | 6.3 Dual coherent mixer with phase diversity 6.3.1 Principle of operation |
32 | Figure 10 ā Dual coherent mixer with phase diversity |
33 | 6.3.2 Intradyne detection with frequency offset removal |
34 | Figure 11 ā Intradyne beat spectrum with 2 GHz frequency offset |
35 | 6.3.3 Compensation of chromatic dispersion Figure 12 ā Differential phase shifts introduced by 3 000 ps/nm GVD |
36 | Figure 13 ā Transfer function for GVD of 3 ns/nm in frequency domain |
38 | Figure 14 ā Inverse transfer functions for GVD of 3 ns/nm and 10 ns/nm in time domain |
39 | Figure 15 ā Fractionally spaced equalizer with a tapped delay line |
40 | Figure 16 ā Processing steps for CD compensation in the frequency domain |
41 | Figure 17 ā Data processing for CD compensation in the frequency domain |
42 | 6.3.4 Compensation of I-Q skew and phase offset Figure 18 ā Dual coherent mixer with optical phase offset and signal skew |
43 | Figure 19 ā Skew and phase offset removal in a DSP |
44 | 6.3.5 Spectral shaping and frequency equalization Figure 20 ā Example of an I-Q skew and phase error measurement |
45 | Figure 21 ā Fifth-order Bessel filter emulated with a 5-tap FSE |
46 | Figure 22 ā Shape of inverse Bessel filter generated with a 9-tap FSE |
47 | Figure 23 ā Amplitude and phase of FSE-generated inverse Bessel filter |
48 | 6.4 Quadruple mixer with phase and polarization diversity 6.4.1 Principle of operation Figure 24 ā Root-raised-cosine filter emulated with a 33-tap FSE |
49 | Figure 25 ā Quadruple coherent mixer with phase and polarization diversity |
50 | 6.4.2 Polarization demultiplexing |
51 | Figure 26 ā 2 Ć 2 matrix operation for adaptive polarization demultiplexing |
52 | Figure 27 ā Constellation points of QPSK signal after polarization demultiplexing Figure 28 ā 16QAM signal before and after polarization demultiplexing |
53 | 6.4.3 Compensation of polarization-mode dispersion |
54 | Figure 29 ā FSE-based compensator for polarization-mode dispersion Figure 30 ā QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of PMD |
55 | 6.4.4 Compensation of polarization-dependent loss and residual CD Figure 31 ā QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of PDL Figure 32 ā QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of GVD |
56 | 6.4.5 Carrier phase recovery |
57 | 6.4.6 Impact of laser phase noise |
58 | Figure 33 ā Optical phase noise of two narrow-linewidth lasers |
60 | Figure 34 ā Optical frequency noise spectra of two lasers |
61 | Figure 35 ā Optical phase noise spectra of two lasers |
62 | Figure 36 ā Laser phase noise measurement with optical bandpass filter |
64 | 6.5 High-resolution spectral analysis with coherent receivers 6.5.1 Measurement methods |
65 | 6.5.2 Dual mixer with polarization diversity Figure 37 ā Dual coherent mixer with polarization diversity |
66 | 6.5.3 Examples of high-resolution spectral analysis |
67 | Figure 38 ā High-resolution optical spectrum of a 32 GBd QPSK signal Figure 39 ā QPSK signal measured with coherent OSA and with grating-based OSA |
68 | 7 Digital signal processing in coherent receivers 7.1 Basic features of digital signal processing |
69 | Figure 40 ā Typical digital signal processing steps in a coherent receiver |
70 | Figure 41 ā 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK signal before and after fibre transmission |
71 | Figure 42 ā De-convolution of a 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK signal at various DSP stages |
72 | 7.2 Real-time DSPs for fibre optic communication systems 7.2.1 Basic functions Figure 43 ā Block diagram of specially designed integrated circuit with DSP |
73 | 7.2.2 Timing recovery 7.2.3 Cycle slip detection 7.2.4 Compensation of nonlinear transmission effects |
74 | 7.2.5 FEC decoding and performance monitoring |
75 | 7.3 Software-based DSPs for optical modulation analysers Figure 44 ā Block diagram of OMA with software-based DSP |
77 | 8 Transmitters for vector-modulated signals 8.1 Generation of vector-modulated signals |
78 | Figure 45 ā Typical arrangement for generation of vector-modulated signals |
79 | 8.2 Single Mach-Zehnder modulator 8.2.1 Principle of operation Figure 46 ā Differentially driven Mach-Zehnder modulator |
80 | Figure 47 ā Mach-Zehnder modulator with adaptive bias control |
81 | Figure 48 ā MZM operation for intensity modulation |
82 | Figure 49 ā Nonlinear MZM operation for binary PSK/ASK |
83 | 8.2.2 Modulator extinction ratio Figure 50 ā Linear MZM operation for quaternary ASK signals |
84 | Figure 51 ā Optical power variations in an NRZ-OOK signal with finite extinction ratio |
85 | 8.2.3 Adaptive bias control in Mach-Zehnder modulators Figure 52 ā Optical and RF output power versus bias voltage for linear operation |
87 | 8.3 Dual Mach-Zehnder modulators 8.3.1 Quadrature-amplitude modulation |
88 | 8.3.2 Compensation of finite extinction ratio Figure 53 ā Dual MZM with adaptive I-Q phase control |
89 | 8.3.3 Adaptive control of I-Q phase |
90 | Figure 54 ā RF output power of I-Q modulator versus I-Q phase |
92 | Figure 55 ā Error signal for I-Q phase control derived from MZM bias dither |
93 | 8.4 Quadruple modulators for polarization-multiplexed signals Figure 56 ā I-Q phase error resulting from offset in feedback signal |
94 | Figure 57 ā Dual I-Q modulators for polarization multiplexing |
95 | Figure 58 ā Adaptive bias and phase control in dual-polarization I-Q modulator |
96 | 9 Digital signal processing in transmitters for vector-modulated signals 9.1 Pre-distortion of optical signals 9.1.1 General |
97 | 9.1.2 Pre-compensation of linear transmitter impairments Figure 59 ā Typical digital signal processing steps in the transmitter |
98 | 9.1.3 Determination of transmitter frequency response Figure 60 ā Spectrum and samples of a white test vector |
99 | Figure 61 ā Magnitude of transmitter frequency response |
100 | Figure 62 ā Phase of transmitter frequency response |
101 | Figure 63 ā Example of magnitude and phase of a pre-compensation filter Figure 64 ā Tap coefficients and effect of a 9-tap pre-compensation filter |
103 | 9.1.4 Determination of transmitter skew Figure 65 ā Impact of pre-compensation on signal waveform in DSP and DAC |
104 | Figure 66 ā I-Q skew in a single-sideband modulated signal |
105 | 9.1.5 Pre-compensation of modulator nonlinearity Figure 67 ā Non-linear pre-distortion of a Mach-Zehnder modulator |
107 | 9.2 Symbol mapper, FEC encoding and framing Figure 68 ā Linearized MZM operation for quaternary ASK |
108 | 10 Implementation and typical performance specifications 10.1 Coherent receiver 10.1.1 Implementation |
109 | 10.1.2 Typical performance specifications |
110 | 10.2 Optical transmitter 10.2.1 Implementation Tables Table 1 ā Typical receiver specifications |
111 | 10.2.2 Typical performance specifications |
112 | Table 2 ā Typical modulator specifications Table 3 ā Additional specifications for integrated driver-modulator |
113 | 10.3 Integrated coherent receiver and transmitter 10.4 Tuneable laser assemblies 10.4.1 Implementation 10.4.2 Typical performance specifications |
114 | Table 4 ā Typical specifications for tuneable laser assemblies |
115 | Bibliography |