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BSI PD IEC TR 61282-16:2022

$215.11

Fibre optic communication system design guidelines – Coherent receivers and transmitters with high-speed digital signal processing

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 122
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PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
8 FOREWORD
10 INTRODUCTION
11 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Abbreviated terms
14 4 Background
15 5 Coherent transmission of vector-modulated signals
5.1 Typical receiver architecture
Figures
Figure 1 ā€“ Coherent optical receiver
16 5.2 Typical transmitter architecture
Figure 2 ā€“ Optical transmitter for coherent transmission
17 5.3 Vector-modulated signals
5.3.1 Mathematical description
18 5.3.2 Binary amplitude and phase modulation
Figure 3 ā€“ Generation of vector modulated signals
19 5.3.3 Quadrature amplitude modulation
Figure 4 ā€“ Examples of modulation formats for coherent communication
20 5.3.4 Polarization multiplexing
5.3.5 Higher-dimensional coding and constellation shaping
21 6 Coherent receiver architectures and functional capabilities
6.1 Basic principle of coherent detection
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Homodyne and heterodyne detection
22 Figure 5 ā€“ Signal and local oscillator frequencies for homodyne detection
Figure 6 ā€“ Signal and local oscillator frequencies for heterodyne detection
23 6.1.3 Intradyne detection
6.1.4 Polarization dependence
Figure 7 ā€“ Electrical spectra of homodyne and heterodyne beat signals
24 6.1.5 Frequency dependence
6.1.6 Phase and polarization diversity
25 6.2 Single coherent mixer with balanced detection
6.2.1 Principle of operation
26 6.2.2 Common-mode rejection
Figure 8 ā€“ Single balanced mixer for coherent reception
28 6.2.3 Polarization dependence
29 6.2.4 Homodyne detection
30 6.2.5 Heterodyne detection
Figure 9 ā€“ Balanced heterodyne mixer with electrical down-mixing
31 6.3 Dual coherent mixer with phase diversity
6.3.1 Principle of operation
32 Figure 10 ā€“ Dual coherent mixer with phase diversity
33 6.3.2 Intradyne detection with frequency offset removal
34 Figure 11 ā€“ Intradyne beat spectrum with 2 GHz frequency offset
35 6.3.3 Compensation of chromatic dispersion
Figure 12 ā€“ Differential phase shifts introduced by 3 000 ps/nm GVD
36 Figure 13 ā€“ Transfer function for GVD of 3 ns/nm in frequency domain
38 Figure 14 ā€“ Inverse transfer functions for GVD of 3 ns/nm and 10 ns/nm in time domain
39 Figure 15 ā€“ Fractionally spaced equalizer with a tapped delay line
40 Figure 16 ā€“ Processing steps for CD compensation in the frequency domain
41 Figure 17 ā€“ Data processing for CD compensation in the frequency domain
42 6.3.4 Compensation of I-Q skew and phase offset
Figure 18 ā€“ Dual coherent mixer with optical phase offset and signal skew
43 Figure 19 ā€“ Skew and phase offset removal in a DSP
44 6.3.5 Spectral shaping and frequency equalization
Figure 20 ā€“ Example of an I-Q skew and phase error measurement
45 Figure 21 ā€“ Fifth-order Bessel filter emulated with a 5-tap FSE
46 Figure 22 ā€“ Shape of inverse Bessel filter generated with a 9-tap FSE
47 Figure 23 ā€“ Amplitude and phase of FSE-generated inverse Bessel filter
48 6.4 Quadruple mixer with phase and polarization diversity
6.4.1 Principle of operation
Figure 24 ā€“ Root-raised-cosine filter emulated with a 33-tap FSE
49 Figure 25 ā€“ Quadruple coherent mixer with phase and polarization diversity
50 6.4.2 Polarization demultiplexing
51 Figure 26 ā€“ 2 Ɨ 2 matrix operation for adaptive polarization demultiplexing
52 Figure 27 ā€“ Constellation points of QPSK signal after polarization demultiplexing
Figure 28 ā€“ 16QAM signal before and after polarization demultiplexing
53 6.4.3 Compensation of polarization-mode dispersion
54 Figure 29 ā€“ FSE-based compensator for polarization-mode dispersion
Figure 30 ā€“ QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of PMD
55 6.4.4 Compensation of polarization-dependent loss and residual CD
Figure 31 ā€“ QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of PDL
Figure 32 ā€“ QPSK signal constellations for various amounts of GVD
56 6.4.5 Carrier phase recovery
57 6.4.6 Impact of laser phase noise
58 Figure 33 ā€“ Optical phase noise of two narrow-linewidth lasers
60 Figure 34 ā€“ Optical frequency noise spectra of two lasers
61 Figure 35 ā€“ Optical phase noise spectra of two lasers
62 Figure 36 ā€“ Laser phase noise measurement with optical bandpass filter
64 6.5 High-resolution spectral analysis with coherent receivers
6.5.1 Measurement methods
65 6.5.2 Dual mixer with polarization diversity
Figure 37 ā€“ Dual coherent mixer with polarization diversity
66 6.5.3 Examples of high-resolution spectral analysis
67 Figure 38 ā€“ High-resolution optical spectrum of a 32 GBd QPSK signal
Figure 39 ā€“ QPSK signal measured with coherent OSA and with grating-based OSA
68 7 Digital signal processing in coherent receivers
7.1 Basic features of digital signal processing
69 Figure 40 ā€“ Typical digital signal processing steps in a coherent receiver
70 Figure 41 ā€“ 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK signal before and after fibre transmission
71 Figure 42 ā€“ De-convolution of a 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK signal at various DSP stages
72 7.2 Real-time DSPs for fibre optic communication systems
7.2.1 Basic functions
Figure 43 ā€“ Block diagram of specially designed integrated circuit with DSP
73 7.2.2 Timing recovery
7.2.3 Cycle slip detection
7.2.4 Compensation of nonlinear transmission effects
74 7.2.5 FEC decoding and performance monitoring
75 7.3 Software-based DSPs for optical modulation analysers
Figure 44 ā€“ Block diagram of OMA with software-based DSP
77 8 Transmitters for vector-modulated signals
8.1 Generation of vector-modulated signals
78 Figure 45 ā€“ Typical arrangement for generation of vector-modulated signals
79 8.2 Single Mach-Zehnder modulator
8.2.1 Principle of operation
Figure 46 ā€“ Differentially driven Mach-Zehnder modulator
80 Figure 47 ā€“ Mach-Zehnder modulator with adaptive bias control
81 Figure 48 ā€“ MZM operation for intensity modulation
82 Figure 49 ā€“ Nonlinear MZM operation for binary PSK/ASK
83 8.2.2 Modulator extinction ratio
Figure 50 ā€“ Linear MZM operation for quaternary ASK signals
84 Figure 51 ā€“ Optical power variations in an NRZ-OOK signal with finite extinction ratio
85 8.2.3 Adaptive bias control in Mach-Zehnder modulators
Figure 52 ā€“ Optical and RF output power versus bias voltage for linear operation
87 8.3 Dual Mach-Zehnder modulators
8.3.1 Quadrature-amplitude modulation
88 8.3.2 Compensation of finite extinction ratio
Figure 53 ā€“ Dual MZM with adaptive I-Q phase control
89 8.3.3 Adaptive control of I-Q phase
90 Figure 54 ā€“ RF output power of I-Q modulator versus I-Q phase
92 Figure 55 ā€“ Error signal for I-Q phase control derived from MZM bias dither
93 8.4 Quadruple modulators for polarization-multiplexed signals
Figure 56 ā€“ I-Q phase error resulting from offset in feedback signal
94 Figure 57 ā€“ Dual I-Q modulators for polarization multiplexing
95 Figure 58 ā€“ Adaptive bias and phase control in dual-polarization I-Q modulator
96 9 Digital signal processing in transmitters for vector-modulated signals
9.1 Pre-distortion of optical signals
9.1.1 General
97 9.1.2 Pre-compensation of linear transmitter impairments
Figure 59 ā€“ Typical digital signal processing steps in the transmitter
98 9.1.3 Determination of transmitter frequency response
Figure 60 ā€“ Spectrum and samples of a white test vector
99 Figure 61 ā€“ Magnitude of transmitter frequency response
100 Figure 62 ā€“ Phase of transmitter frequency response
101 Figure 63 ā€“ Example of magnitude and phase of a pre-compensation filter
Figure 64 ā€“ Tap coefficients and effect of a 9-tap pre-compensation filter
103 9.1.4 Determination of transmitter skew
Figure 65 ā€“ Impact of pre-compensation on signal waveform in DSP and DAC
104 Figure 66 ā€“ I-Q skew in a single-sideband modulated signal
105 9.1.5 Pre-compensation of modulator nonlinearity
Figure 67 ā€“ Non-linear pre-distortion of a Mach-Zehnder modulator
107 9.2 Symbol mapper, FEC encoding and framing
Figure 68 ā€“ Linearized MZM operation for quaternary ASK
108 10 Implementation and typical performance specifications
10.1 Coherent receiver
10.1.1 Implementation
109 10.1.2 Typical performance specifications
110 10.2 Optical transmitter
10.2.1 Implementation
Tables
Table 1 ā€“ Typical receiver specifications
111 10.2.2 Typical performance specifications
112 Table 2 ā€“ Typical modulator specifications
Table 3 ā€“ Additional specifications for integrated driver-modulator
113 10.3 Integrated coherent receiver and transmitter
10.4 Tuneable laser assemblies
10.4.1 Implementation
10.4.2 Typical performance specifications
114 Table 4 ā€“ Typical specifications for tuneable laser assemblies
115 Bibliography
BSI PD IEC TR 61282-16:2022
$215.11