ASME PTC 18 11:2011 Edition

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ASME PTC 18 Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-Turbines

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2011	96

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Description

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
5	Figures
6	Tables
7	NOTICE
8	FOREWORD
10	COMMITTEE ROSTER
11	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC 18 COMMITTEE
13	Section 1 Object and Scope 1- 1 OBJECT 1- 2 SCOPE 1- 3 UNCERTAINTIES
14	Section 2 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms 2-1 DEFINITIONS 2-2 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 2-3 TABLES AND FIGURES 2-4 REFERENCE ELEVATION, ZC 2-5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
15	2-6 SUBSCRIPTS USED THROUGHOUT THE CODE 2-2-1 Conversion Factors Between SI Units and U.S. Customary Units of Measure
16	2-3-1 Letter Symbols and Definitions
22	2-3-2M Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, SI Units (m/s2)
23	2-3-2 Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation,U.S. Customary Units (ft/sec2) 2-3-3M Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Functionof Temperature, SI Units (kPa)
24	2-3-3 Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function ofTemperature, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
25	2-3-4M Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, SI Units (kg/m3)
26	2-3-4 Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure,U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
27	2-3-5 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
28	2-3-6M D ensity of Dry Air, SI Units (kg/m3) 2-3-6 Density of Dry Air, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
29	2-3-7M Density of Mercury, SI Units (kg/m3)
30	2-3-7 Density of Mercury, U.S. Customary Units (slugs/ft3)
31	2-3-8M Atmospheric Pressure, SI Units (kPa) 2-3-8 Atmospheric Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
32	2-3-1 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Spiral Caseand Pressure Conduit
33	2-3-2 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Semi-Spiral Case
34	2-3-3 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Bulb Machine
35	2-3-4 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Horizontal Shaft Impulse Turbine (One or Two Jets)
36	2-3-5 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Impulse Turbine
37	2-4-1 Reference Elevation, Zc, of Turbines and Pump-Turbines
38	Section 3 Guiding Principles 3-1 GENERAL 3-2 PREPARATIONS FOR TESTING 3-2.1 General Precaution 3-2.2 Inspection Before Test 3-2.3 Provisions for Testing
39	3-2.4 Planning a Performance Test 3-2.5 Agreements
40	3-2.6 Chief of Test 3-3 TESTS
41	3-4 INSTRUMENTS 3-5 OPERATING CONDITIONS 3-5.1 Operating Philosophy 3-5.2 Test Run Conditions 3-5.3 Permissible Deviations 3-6 DATA RECORDS 3-6.1 True Copies 3-6.2 Original Data
42	3-6.3 Analysis and Interpretation 3-5.3-1 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Turbine Mode
43	3-5.3-2 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Pump Mode
44	Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 4-1 GENERAL 4-2 ELECTRONIC DATA ACQUISITION
45	4-3 HEAD AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 4-3.1 Bench Marks 4-3.2 Static-Head Conditions 4-3.3 Free-Water Elevation 4-3.4 Measuring Wells and Stilling Boxes 4-3.4.1 Pipe-Type Stilling Wells. 4-3.4.2 Float-Gage Type Stilling Well
46	4-3.5 Plate Gage 4-3.6 Point or Hook Gage 4-3.7 Float Gage 4-3.8 Staff Gage 4-3.9 Electronic Water Level Indicator 4-3.10 Time-of-Flight Techniques 4-3.11 Liquid Manometers 4-3.12 Measurements by Means of Compressed Gas 4-3.13 Number of Devices 4-3.14 Pressure Measurement by Pressure Taps
47	4-3.14-1 Pressure Tap
48	4-3.15 Pressure Measurement 4-3.16 Pressure Measurement With RunningCalibration 4-3.15-1 Calibration Connections for Pressure Gages or Pressure Transducers
49	4-3.17 D etermination of Gravity 4-3.18 D etermination of Density of Water 4-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT 4-4.1 Introduction 4-4.2 Current Meter Method
50	4-4.2.1 Uncertainty 4-4.3 Pressure–Time Method
52	4-4.3.1 Differential Pressure Transducer 4-4.3.2 Data-Acquisition System 4-4.3.3 Acquisition of the Pressure–Time Signal 4-4.3.4 D elineation of the Pressure–Time Diagram
53	4-4.3.4-1 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal
54	4-4.3.4.1 Running Line Delineation 4-4.3.4.2 Static Line Delineation 4-4.3.4.3 Integration Interval Delineation 4-4.3.5 Integration of Digital Pressure–Time Signal 4-4.3.5.1 Analytical Description of NumericalIntegration 4-4.3.5.2 Numerical Integration of Pressure–TimeIntegral
55	4-4.3.6 Uncertainty 4-4.4 Ultrasonic Method 4-4.4.1 General 4-4.4.1-1 Ultrasonic Method: Diagram to Illustrate Principle
56	4-4.4.2 Circular Conduits 4-4.4.3 Rectangular Conduits 4-4.4.4 Distortions of Velocity Profile 4-4.4.1-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 8-Path Flowmeter in aCircular Conduit
57	4-4.4.5 Theory and Operating Principles 4-4.4.2-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Four Paths in One Plane or Eight Paths inTwo Planes
58	4-4.4.3-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers
59	4-4.4.4-1 Distortion of the Velocity Profile Caused by Protruding Transducers
60	4-4.4.6 Turbine-Mode Tests 4-4.4.7 Pump-Mode Tests 4-4.4.8 Factors That May Cause Asymmetry of theVelocity Profile 4-4.4.9 Using 18 Acoustic Paths 4-4.4.10 Integration Methods
61	4-4.4.11 Transducer Installation 4-4.4.6-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in aCircular Conduit
62	4-4.4.6-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in aRectangular Conduit
63	4-4.4.12 D ifferential Travel Times 4-4.4.13 Checks of Equipment 4-4.4.14 D isruption of the Ultrasonic Flow Measurement 4-4.4.6-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: 18 Paths in Two Planes
64	4-4.4.15 Uncertainty 4-4.5 D ye Dilution Method 4-4.5.1 Principles of the Method 4-4.4.11-1 Locations for Measurements of D
65	4-4.5.2 Five Steps 4-4.5.2.1 Selecting the Injection and Sampling Points 4-4.5.2.2 Preparing the Injection Solution and Standards
66	4-4.5.1-1 Schematic Representation of Dye Dilution Technique
67	4-4.5.2.1-1 Experimental Results: Allowable Variation in Tracer Concentration
68	4-4.5.2.3 Injecting and Measuring the Injection Rateof the Dye 4-4.5.2.4 Collecting Samples of the Diluted Dye
69	4-4.5.2.5 Analyzing the Concentration of the DilutedDye Samples and Calculating the Flow 4-4.5.2.5.1 Analysis Method A 4-4.5.5-1 Typical Chart Recording During Sampling
70	4-4.5.2.5.2 Analysis Method B 4-4.5.3 Accuracy 4-4.5.4 Uncertainty 4-5 POWER MEASUREMENT 4-5.1 Indirect Method
71	4-5.1-1 Three-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
72	4-5.2 Windage and Friction 4-5.1-2 Two-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
73	4-5.1-3 Measuring Instrument Burden
74	4-6 SPEED MEASUREMENT 4-6.1 General 4-6.2 A-C Interconnected Power Grid
75	4-6.3 Isolated Alternating Current Systems or Short-Term Measurements 4-6.4 Induction Generators of Motors or Direct CurrentSystem 4-7 TIME MEASUREMENT
76	Section 5 Computation of Results 5-1 MEASURED VALUES: DATA REDUCTION 5-2 CONVERSION OF TEST RESULTS TOSPECIFIED CONDITIONS 5-2.1 Turbine Mode
77	5-2.2 Pump Mode 5-3 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY 5-4 COMPARISON WITH GUARANTEES
79	Section 6 Final Report 6-1 Responsibility of Chief of Test 6-2 Parties to the Test 6-3 Acceptance Tests
81	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES A TYPICAL VALUES OF UNCERTAINTY A-1 GENERAL A-2 Flow Rate Uncertainty, UQ A-3 Head Uncertainty, UH A-4 Power Uncertainty, Up A-5 Speed Uncertainty
82	B UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS B- 1 BASIS FOR UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION B- 2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY B- 3 GENERAL APPROACH AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE
84	B- 4 COMBINING UNCERTAINTIES B- 4.1 Average of Two or More Parameters B- 4.2 Sum or Difference of Two or More Parameters
85	B- 5 APPLICATION OVER A RANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
86	C OUTLIERS
87	D RELATIVE FLOW MEASUREMENT– INDEX TEST D- 1 D EFINITIONS D- 2 APPLICATION D- 3 RELATIVE FLOW RATE D- 3.1 General
88	D- 3.2 Relative Flow Rate Measurement by the Winter– Kennedy Method D- 3.3 Relative Flow Measurement by the Converging Taper Method D- 3.4 Relative Flow Rate by the Friction Head Loss and Velocity Head Method
89	D- 3.5 Relative Flow Measurement as a Differential Across an Elbow D- 3.6 Relative Flow Measurement Using Suitably Located Taps on a Bulb or Tubular Turbine D- 3.7 Pressure Taps and Piping
90	D- 3.8 Head and Differential Pressure Measurement D- 3.9 Effect of Variation in Exponent D- 3.10 Power D- 3.11 Wicket Gate and Needle Opening and Blade Angle D- 4 COMPUTATION OF INDEX TEST RESULTS
92	D- 5 ASSESSMENT OF INDEX TEST ERRORS
93	E DERIVATION OF THE PRESSURE– TIME FLOW INTEGRAL